Powell KE, Paluch AE, Blair SN. Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32.
Rhodes RE, Janssen I, Bredin SS, Warburton DE, Bauman A. Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health. 2017;32:8.
World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Google Scholar
Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 19 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:10.
Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 16 million participants. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020;4:1.
Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 2012;380:9838.
Sallis JF, Bull F, Guthold R, Heath GW, Inoue S, Kelly P, Hallal PC. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet. 2016;388:10051.
Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP. Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8.
Strobach T, Englert C, Jekauc D, Pfeffer I. Predicting adoption and maintenance of physical activity in the context of dual-process theories. Perform Enhancement Health. 2020;100162.
Dohle S, Diel K, Hofmann W. Executive functions and the self-regulation of eating behavior: a review. Appetite. 2018;124:4–9.
Hofmann W, Schmeichel BJ, Baddeley AD. Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:3.
Yuan P, Raz N. Prefrontal cortex and executive functions in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;42.
Best JR, Chiu BK, Hall PA, Liu-Ambrose T. Larger lateral prefrontal cortex volume predicts better exercise adherence among older women: evidence from two exercise training studies. J Gerontol Ser A Biomed Sci Med Sci. 2017;72:6.
Google Scholar
Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135.
Karr JE, Areshenkoff CN, Rast P, Hofer SM, Iverson GL, Garcia-Barrera MA. The Unity and diversity of executive functions: a systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies. Psychol Bull. 2018;144:1147–85.
Miyake A, Friedman NP. The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions four general conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012;21:1.
Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol. 2000;41:1.
Baumeister RF, Heatherton TF. Self-regulation failure: an overview. Psychol Inq. 1996;7:1.
Logan GD, Cowan WB, Davis KA. On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1984;10(2):276.
Loong JW. The color-word test. San Luis Obispo CA: Wang Neuropsychological Laboratory;1989.
McAuley E, Mullen SP, Szabo AN, White SM, Wójcicki TR, Mailey EL, Erickson K. Self-regulatory processes and exercise adherence in older adults: executive function and self-efficacy effects. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41:3.
Allan JL, Johnston M, Campbell N. Missed by an inch or a mile? Predicting the size of intention-behavior gap from measures of executive control. Psychol Health. 2011;26:6.
Hall PA, Fong GT, Epp LJ, Elias LJ. Executive function moderates the intention-behavior link for physical activity and dietary behavior. Psychol Health. 2008;23:3.
Allom V, Mullan B. Individual differences in executive function predict distinct eating behaviors. Appetite. 2014;80.
Collins A, Mullan B. An extension of the theory of planned behavior to predict immediate hedonic behaviors and distal benefit behaviors. Food Qual Prefer. 2011;22:7.
Pfeffer I, Strobach T. Executive functions, trait self-control, and the intention-behavior gap in physical activity behavior. J Sport Exercise Psychol. 2017;39:4.
Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar H, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3.
Diamond A, Ling DS. Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory. In: Novick JM, Bunting MF, Dougherty MR, Engle RW, editors. Cognitive and working memory training: perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, and human development. Oxford: University Press; 2019.
Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:1.
Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11:8.
Tomporowski PD, McCullick B, Pendleton DM, Pesce C. Exercise and children’s cognition: the role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. J Sport Health Sci. 2015;4:1.
Gray-Burrows K, Taylor N, O’Connor D, Sutherland E, Stoet G, Conner M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the executive function-health behavior relationship. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2019;7:1.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2021;10(1):1–11.
Favieri F, Forte G, Casagrande M. The executive functions in overweight and obesity: a systematic review of neuropsychological cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2126.
Tooth L, Ware R, Bain C, Purdie DM, Dobson A. Quality of reporting of observational longitudinal research. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:3.
Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:3.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2020. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 10 Jan 2022.
Crocetti E. Systematic reviews with meta-analysis: Why, when, and how? Emerg Adulthood. 2016;4:1.
Google Scholar
Huedo-Medina TB, Sánchez-Meca J, Marin-Martinez F, Botella J. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I.2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11:2.
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:7414.
Duval S. The trim and fill method. In: Rothstein HR, Sutton AJ, Borenstein M., editors. Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2005.
Rothstein HR, Sutton AJ, Borenstein M. Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments. Chichester: Wiley; 2005.
Frye WS, Shapiro SK. The role of executive functioning on the intention-behaviour relationship of health behaviors: a temporal self-regulatory perspective. Psychol Health. 2021;36:5.
Stautz K, Pechey R, Couturier DL, Deary IJ, Marteau TM. Do executive function and impulsivity predict adolescent health behavior after accounting for intelligence? Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:8.
Hall PA, Fong GT, Epp LJ. Cognitive and personality factors in the prediction of health behaviors: an examination of total, direct and indirect effects. J Behav Med. 2014;37:6.
Loprinzi PD, Pazirei S, Robinson G, Dickerson B, Edwards M, Rhodes RE. Evaluation of a cognitive affective model of physical activity behavior. Health Promot Perspective. 2020;10:1.
Pfeffer I, Strobach T. Influence of a planning intervention on physical activity behavior: the moderating role of intentions and executive functions in a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Med. 2020;27:5.
Diamond A, Ling DS. Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016;18.
Herold F, Törpel A, Schega L, Müller NG. Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements—a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Physi Activ. 2019;16:1.
Google Scholar
Moreau D, Chou E. The acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function: a meta-analysis. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14:5.
Morris JL, Daly-Smith A, Archbold VS, Wilkins EL, McKenna J. The Daily Mile™ initiative: exploring physical activity and the acute effects on executive function and academic performance in primary school children. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;45: 101583.
Allan JL, McMinn D, Daly M. A bidirectional relationship between executive function and health behavior: evidence, implications, and future directions. Front Neurosci 2016;10.
Kelly SM, Updegraff JA. Substituting activities mediates the effect of cognitive flexibility on physical activity: a daily diary study. J Behav Med. 2017;40:4.